颠倒众生
斌宗法师

诸位!这个名词——颠倒众生,是世尊亲口说的。为什么他要这么说呢?当然有其理由:一切众生乃背觉合尘,认妄弃真,这就是颠倒。现在举一个事实来说:

生在娑婆五浊恶世的众生,其贪欲之心特重,故对于地狱五条根的五欲——财色名食睡(由于贪求财等五欲,而妄造一切恶业,依业受报,有坠落地狱的可能,所以称它为地狱五条根),都是一样贪婪,争取无厌的。玆单就‘财’一方面来说,金钱这一件东西,它的魔力太大了。古往今来,芸芸众生,不受其迷惑、陶醉者实在没有几个人哩。老实说,举世之人,谁也不约而同的以青眼看重它,甚至视为性命般的重要。因此,无者千方百计以图取之,既有者则用心用力以保护之。就看一般常人,毕生辛辛苦苦,劳劳碌碌,不惜身命的挣扎不休,到底为著什么?聪明的读者,不用我再饶舌吧!至于那些富豪家庭,为了关心著性命般的金钱,顾虑到梁上君子的降临,因而对门户的严卫是极其十足而周密。例如:制铁门、铁窗,以及铁网的围护,种种的设备严重而坚牢的用来保卫它。有时发见盗贼要来侵犯它,便拚命地与他抵抗一场,一方面还紧急地去报告刑警来驱除他。呀!人们爱护孔方兄之热情的关心,可谓无微不至了。喂,孔方兄!你怎么能这样吸收人气呢?虽然如是,但这不过仅为爱护身外有为的金钱,防卫世间有形的盗贼而已。然此外还有一类无为法财,还应该更用心去爱护它,同时也另外有一类无形盗贼,更不可不去防卫它的侵犯。况且无为法财,其价值是超过有为财万份以上的。当知世间的有为财,只能给人们物质生活上的暂时享用,仍没有永久性,是靠不住的,这是怎么说?因为世间上的万事万物,都是因缘所生法,乃是一种变幻无常的。所以佛说:世间一切都是假,当然金钱也不在例外。佛经上告诉我们,世间财——是五家共有的,那五家呢?一、贪官污吏。二、水火。三、盗贼。四、刀兵。五、不肖子孙。因此,我说世间财是靠不住的。况且不能善用它,那是会受其殃祸,造出许多罪来。至于无为法财那就大不相同了,其殊胜妙用,让我来谈一谈,它——法财非同世间的金钱,唯能供物质生活上暂时的享用——养活色身而已;它能够庄严法身,培养慧命,它不只一生一世的享用,能够历劫享用而不尽的。同时又不怕盗贼的抢劫,水火的侵害……甚至能助成我们的圆满无上菩提佛果。您看,殊胜不殊胜?所以我说超过有为财万倍以上,实不过分。这笔胜妙无比的无为法财,岂可一向让它静悄悄地埋没著,而不去进取,不去爱护它,以享其殊胜功德妙用,未免太可惜呢!

然而它——无为法财,究竟是个什么东西?那就是经中所说之自性本具的一切功德智慧,也就是世尊在菩提树下初成正觉时所唱言的:‘一切众生皆有如来智慧德相,因颠倒妄想执著不能证得’的智慧就是!迷了它,即为六道轮回的苦恼众生,证了它,即成三藐三菩提的无上佛果。然而它究竟在什么地方?就在我们个人自性本具的宝藏中,请大家赶快去努力自取为要!

其次来说无形的盗贼,它较之有形的盗贼那是厉害更深了。以其有形的盗贼,只能抢夺人们的世间有为财,绝对无法来抢夺我们自性中的无为法财,这还算没有什么利害,因为被其侵害者,不过物质的生活受些影响罢了。所以我说还是小事。有些人不觉悟到此,偶而遭遇到盗贼的侵犯,不知见机行事,为了这些虚幻不实的身外放不下,且不量力而硬要与他抵抗到底,结果受亏不少。我想还是以学佛的态度——看破——放下——随缘来对待它为妙,可避免意外的灾祸来——性命问题。至于所说的无形贼,那就太厉害了,它——无形贼,非同有形贼只能偷偷你的东西,影响著你的物质生活而已,它能侵损你自性中的无为法身,能丧灭你的法身慧命,同时又能陷害你堕落三恶道里,去受万劫不得解脱的无量罪苦,你看厉害不厉害呢?这个厉害无比的心中贼,岂可一向让他肆无忌惮地活动而不去注意、防卫它,以避其凶恶的侵犯未了,就太不聪明的了。然而它——无形贼,到底是个什么东西?就是贪嗔痴三大贼魁,以及其他一切妄想恶念的那些小贼伙。怎样称他为贼呢?能劫功德法财故,怎样又把它说得那么厉害呢?能令我们受万劫生死不能了之故。

要之,由贪等诸恶念而驱使身口意去造杀盗淫等一切恶业(如贼行窃),依恶业而感受苦报(如因盗受罪)。忏悔偈云:‘我昔所造诸恶业,皆由无始贪嗔痴,从身语意之所生……’由此就可知道,无形贼——贪嗔痴的厉害了。然而它到底在什么地方呢?常在六根门头出入,行者当格外留心!千万勿受其祸殃。人们太不聪明了,一向只晓得用心用力去追求,去爱护那身外的有为财,却不知道去取用、去爱护这笔比他亿万倍宝贵的无为功德法财。只晓得用心用力去防卫、去驱除世间的有形贼,却不知道去防卫、去驱除这较他亿万倍厉害的心中无形贼。竟将自性宝藏的功德法财,随意任其搬取殆尽而不知检,且为一元五角之损失,则与之计较不休。然无形贼长在劫夺我们宝藏中的功德法财,竟一向不去讨罚它;有形贼偶一偷盗我们一点身外的阿堵物,反而拼命地与之抵抗到底,迷昧的众生真是开倒头车,莫怪乎世尊称它为颠倒众生,真是一点也不错。这正与孟子所谓:‘人有鸡犬失焉,则知道追寻,心放焉而不知寻’的道理相同。

以上所述的道理,不厌麻烦,再来改换一个方式来说:能拖累我们造业,或者能使我们丧害身命的有为钱,竟那么的用心去追求,去爱护它,对于能助我们成就佛果的无为法财,反而一向不去关心它、爱护它。爱护世间有为财,就晓得用铁门等来保护它;自性无为财则一向不关心地放弃了它,遇到有形的盗贼要来偷取我们的金钱,就紧紧地去报告刑警来驱除它,且绝对不肯放他干休,可是遇到无形心贼要来抢劫我们的无为法财时,竟看也不去看它,遂之任其抢劫,这不是颠倒是什么?

我们如果要永远做一个颠倒众生则罢,不然的话,那就要改换方针了,有为财和无为财的胜劣;有形贼和无形贼的利害轻重,上面已经说得很清楚了!于是,我们当以爱护有为财之心,换来爱护无为财,以防卫有形贼的用心,换来防卫无形贼才对,您对有为财的爱护,即晓得用铁门等去保卫它,那么,对于无为财,更当加倍的爱护它,当然也要用铁门等来保卫它。对有形贼既能那么用心去防卫它、驱除它,那么对于无形贼的侵犯,当然更要格外的防卫它,用心去驱除它为妙。有形贼来侵犯时,既知道去报刑警来驱除它,那么,无形贼来侵犯时,是不是更不容缓地去报告刑警来驱除它才对呢?

话说回来,当如何来享用,来爱护无为法财?要怎样去防卫,去驱除无形心贼?这真是一种容而不易,艰而不难的事。诸位请镇静一下,慢慢听我道来,有为的金钱是可以用身力,及其他一切技能智力取到的,无为的法财是世间任何技能、才力都无法去争取得到的。然而要怎样呢?只要我们能够发菩提心,精进修行,用戒定慧三无漏学的法力去追求进取,就可得到(修一分道则得一分法财),如法修行,获得解脱自在的清净安乐,这就是享用无为法财。有形贼是可以用人力(刑警)物力(武器)去防卫,去驱除它,无形贼是世间的刀枪,刑警所无法能驱除它,又不是铁门、铁窗可能防卫它,这怎么办呢?呀!不难!不难!只要我们肯发心修学佛法,用佛力、法力,就可以防卫它、驱除它了!防卫驱除的方法就是:当我们内心起贪嗔痴,或其他的恶念之时,要赶快用般若观慧去观照它,或念佛持咒以对治之,使其无法活动起来,乃至永远消灭,这就是用佛力、法力去防卫、驱除无形心贼的唯一善策。若再说详细一点,我们修学佛法的人,在日常的一切行事中,于见闻觉知上,当时时在警省内心的过犯(过犯如被盗贼侵害)。凡一念心起,即回光反照去观察它,如所起的是悭贪心、嗔恨心、愚痴心、我慢心、残忍心、嫉妒心、染污心、执著心、颠倒心、烦恼心、歪曲心、欺诳心、懈怠心、分别心……乃至一切妄想,这都是恶念头——无形心贼,它能阻碍您,进趣无上菩提。且能抢劫您无量功德法财,这么凶恶家伙,怎能容许它出现在自性国土,来捣扰著无为心王,使天下不得太平呢?因此,故当极力的铲除它,当我们反照观察之下,一旦发见了它,当刻不容缓地用佛力、法力、观照力驱除之,使其无法活动起来,那就天下太平、国泰民安了。能够如是做下去,久而久之,一旦工夫纯熟,自然就恶念不生,乃至永远消灭。

总括的说:世间有为财是物质生活上暂时的享用,是生灭法——无永久性。它是用身力、财力所求取得到的。自性的无为法财,具足一切功德,为法身慧命永久的财产,是不生不灭——享用无尽。它是用道力、法力去发掘进取的。

人间的有形贼,只能偷盗有为的财物,受其侵犯者,并不见得怎么厉害(只损失物质方面),并且容易驱除。心内的无形贼,能够抢劫自性宝藏的功德法财,若受其侵犯那就不得了(能令堕三恶道),并且不容易驱除。防卫有形贼抢劫我们的有为财,是用铁门、铁网以及其他武备;防卫无形心贼侵犯我们的无为法财,是用观照、反省,及严持禁戒。遇到有形贼的侵犯时,当速报告刑警来驱除之,遇到无形贼的侵犯时,当速求援于佛力、法力以驱除之。能够如是,就成为正觉的众生,那颠倒的绰号,就永远没有我们的分啊!祝大家平安!附表如下:

(一)世间金钱物品——喻自性功德法财。
(二)施设铁门——喻严持规戒(铁门喻规戒,严持喻防卫)。
(三)武器严卫——喻般若观照(武器喻般若,严持喻观照)。
(四)防卫门户——喻照顾六根门头。
(五)盗贼——喻恶念。
(六)刑警——喻佛力法力。
(七)预防严卫无形心贼的侵犯——严持规戒,常起观照。
(八)消灭制止无形心贼的活动——坐禅念佛,诵经持咒。
(九)追求进取无为法财——精进佛法,勤修道品。
(十)享用享乐无为法财——解脱自在,清净安乐。

The result of wholesome action is happiness; the result of unwholesome action is suffering, and nothing else. These results are not interchangeable: when you plant buckwheat, you get buckwheat; when you plant barley, you get barley.

— Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye

Non-duality
by Ayya Khema

Truth occupies a very important position in the Buddha’s teaching. The Four Noble Truths are the hub of the wheel of the Dhamma. Truth (sacca) is one of the ten perfections to be cultivated in order to purify oneself.

Truth can have different aspects. If we want to find an end to suffering, we have to find truth at its deepest level. The moral precepts which include “not lying” are a basic training without which one can’t lead a spiritual life.

To get to the bottom of truth, one has to get to the bottom of oneself, and that is not an easy thing to do, aggravated by the problem of not loving oneself. It naturally follows that if one wants to learn to love oneself, there must be hate present, and we are caught in the world of duality.

While we are floating around in the world of duality, we can’t get to the bottom of truth, because we are suspended in a wave motion going back and forth. There is an interesting admonition in the Sutta Nipata, mentioning that one should not have associates, which prevents attachments. This would result in neither love nor hate, so that only equanimity remains, even-mindedness towards all that exists. With equanimity one is no longer suspended between good and bad, love and hate, friend and enemy, but has been able to let go, to get to the bottom where truth can be found.

If we want to find the basic, underlying truth of all existence, we must practice “letting go.” This includes our weakest and our strongest attachments, many of which aren’t even recognised as clinging.

To return to the simile of the truth to be found at the bottom, we can see that if we are clinging to anything, we can’t get down to it. We’re attached to the things, people, ideas and views, which we consider ours and believe to be right and useful. These attachments will keep us from getting in touch with absolute truth.

Our reactions, the likes and dislikes, hold us in suspense. While it is more pleasant to like something or someone, yet both are due to attachments. This difficulty is closely associated with distraction in meditation. Just as we are attached to the food that we get for the body, we are equally attached to food for the mind, so the thoughts go here and there, picking up titbits. As we do that, we are again held in suspense, moving from thought to breathe and back again, being in the world of duality. When our mind acts in this way, it cannot get to rock bottom.

Depth of understanding enables release from suffering. When one goes deeper and deeper into oneself, one finds no core, and learns to let go of attachments. Whether we find anything within us which is pure, desirable, commendable or whether it’s impure and unpleasant, makes no difference. All mental states owned and cherished keep us in duality, where we are hanging in mid-air, feeling very insecure. They cannot bring an end to suffering. One moment all might be well in our world and we love everyone, but five minutes later we might react with hate and rejection.

We might be able to agree with the Buddha’s words or regard them as a plausible explanation, but without the certainty of personal experience, this is of limited assistance to us. In order to have direct knowledge, it’s as if we were a weight and must not be tied to anything, so that we can sink down to the bottom of all the obstructions, to see the truth shining through. The tool for that is a powerful mind, a weighty mind. As long as the mind is interested in petty concerns, it doesn’t have the weightiness that can bring it to the depth of understanding.

For most of us, our mind is not in the heavy-weight class, but more akin to bantam weight. The punch of a heavy-weight really accomplishes something, that of a bantam weight is not too meaningful. The light-weight mind is attached here and there to people and their opinions, to one’s own opinions, to the whole duality of pure and impure, right and wrong.

Why do we take it so personal, when it’s truly universal? That seems to be the biggest difference between living at ease and being able to let the mind delve into the deepest layer of truth, or living at loggerheads with oneself and others. Neither hate nor greed are a personal manifestation, nobody has a singular claim on them, they belong to humanity. We can learn to let go of that personalised idea about our mind states, which would rid us of a serious impediment. Greed, hate and impurities exist, by the same token non-greed and non-hate also exist. Can we own the whole lot? Or do we own them in succession or five minutes at a time for each? Why own any of them, they just exist and seeing that, it becomes possible to let oneself sink into the depth of the Buddha’s vision.

The deepest truth that the Buddha taught was that there is no individual person. This has to be accepted and experienced at a feeling level. As long as one hasn’t let go of owning body and mind, one cannot accept that one isn’t really this person. This is a gradual process. In meditation, one learns to let go of ideas and stories and attend to the meditation subject. If we don’t let go, we cannot sink into the meditation. The mind has to be a heavy-weight for that too.

We can compare the ordinary mind to bobbing around on the waves of thoughts and feelings. The same happens in meditation, therefore we need to prepare ourselves for becoming concentrated. We can look at all mind states arising during the day and learn to let go of them. The ease and buoyancy which arises from this process is due to being unattached. If we don’t practice throughout the day, our meditation suffers because we have not come to the meditation cushion in a suitable frame of mind. If one has been letting go all day, the mind is ready and can now let go in meditation too. Then it can experience its own happiness and purity.

Sometimes people think of the teaching as a sort of therapy, which it undoubtedly is, but that’s not its ultimate aim, only one of its secondary aspects. The Buddha’s teaching takes us to the end of suffering, once and for all, not just momentarily when things go wrong.

Having had an experience of letting go, even just once, proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that it means getting rid of a great burden. Carrying one’s hate and greed around is a heavy load, which, when abandoned, gets us out of the duality of judgement. It’s pleasant to be without thinking; mental formations are troublesome.

If we succeed even once or twice during a day to let go of our reactions, we have taken a great step and can more easily do it again. We have realised that a feeling which has arisen can be stopped, it need not be carried around all day. The relief from this will be the proof that a great inner discovery has been made and that the simplicity of non-duality shows us the way towards truth.

Spotless are the sun and moon, but obscured by fivefold stains: These are clouds and smoke and mist, Rahu’s face and dust as well. Similarly, mind so luminous is obscured by fivefold stains. They are desire, malice, laziness, agitation and doubt too.

— Nāgārjuna

佛法点亮的青春
文|吕春

“人生”是一个很沉重的题目,记得太虚大师曾说:“仰止唯佛陀,完成在人格。人成即佛成,是名真现实。”作为一个普通的在家居士,我深感佛法智慧的无上,此生为人,如何用佛法的智慧指引青年的我们不虚度此生呢?我想分享一些自己的感悟。

与古人“尊天道,感运化” 的人生轨迹不同,当代的年青人处在一个前所未有的共业世界中。日新月异的科学技术不断改变着年青人的物质生活,风云变化的思想潮流也不停颠覆着年青人的世界观。在时代的滚滚洪流和瞬息万变的人生沉浮中,我身边有太多同龄人对于不确定又不可知的未来感到深深的疑惧。人生究竟是缘何起,为何而活,这纷繁变幻的法界背后是否存在永恒的真理?这些问题一直困扰着我,也困扰着迷失在生灭变幻世界里的年青一代。我们像漂浮在浩瀚太空的宇航员,黑暗,失重,孤独。更糟的是,传统的文化和观念在时代猛烈的冲刷后,被不假思索的年青人束之高阁。没有了上古先贤对人生的洞见,功利的物欲享乐成为了不少年青人的人生追求,有的向父母亲友不断索取以满足一己私欲,有的逐渐突破道德人伦底线,不择手段地捞钱以填补自己的虚荣。最可怜的是,以满足欲望的方式获得暂时的享乐非但不能体会到长久的安乐,反而会诱发新的更大的欲望。周围太多年青人便这样迷失在自心的欲念里,越陷越深,越来越痛苦。这一切的根源,都是因为我们青年人缺少洞见欲望和生命的本质的智慧。没有佛法点亮的青春,犹如在黑夜里踽踽独行,没有方向更无指引。

世尊常说:六道中,长短适中苦乐参半的人道最适于修习佛法。当周围越来越多的年青人迷失在一味的追求低级欲望的人生理想时,让我觉得很可惜。遥想当年,两千五百年前的菩提树下,结跏而坐的悉达多太子其实早已悟到了生命存在的意义,而后以根本的无上智慧观照,言传身教,为我们年青人指明了通往永恒的方向,铺好了通达真理的道路。与此相比,局促在三维空间中的凡夫,纵是穷尽了思维和手段去建构和理解,也无法从根本上获得洞见宇宙人生真理的智慧。所以,摸黑前行的我们若得到“超越三界外,不在五行中” 的更高层次的圣者启迪,青春将有方向,人生可得安乐。能在这人欲横流、价值观念混乱的现代社会,于青年时代便认准佛法, 皈依三宝修习佛法,避免许多上下求索的困惑苦恼,避开误区, 少走不必要的弯路,实在是大善根的福德因缘,阿弥陀佛。

《金刚经》有云:“应无所住而生其心”,这部浓缩了六百卷般若经的“经眼”,以无上的觉悟,开遍布法界的方便,为我们年青人点明了智慧生活的诀要。我宿习深重,尤好豪辩,自小好与人争辩。为了和各种人一争高下,我一度沉迷逻辑学和西方哲学,骄狂也与日俱增,直到一位研习中观学派的学长彻底地辩赢了我,自以为是的我才如梦初醒,生起了对般若智慧的无限敬仰。在学习龙树菩萨的《中论》和《十二门论》时,我看到佛法的智慧远在人类思维能达到的极限之上,竟无一字在“立论”,而是采用“随立随破”的方式,将逻辑的前提分析解构,在因缘的关系网中全面地看待事物,教导我“应无所住而生其心”。顿感如淋甘露,大呼过瘾。原来,一切的思维和语言都有它的前提和定义,一切概念的产生,都必须先从原本真实完整的世界中,人为主观地区分出对立面。推而广之,以中观法门观照我生活中的万事万物,也无不如此。黑以白显,阴随阳释,善因恶立,有从无来。

进而观照我们青春的烦恼,无一不是“画地为牢,作茧自缚”的结果。接受并执着了种种观念,自己构建出各种推论并执以为绝对真理,而其根源的前提又都是以凡夫颠倒妄想产生的假设,当前提和因缘条件改变后,结论也不再如初,若执着前念,自然会带来烦恼和痛苦。其实,若能依中观的智慧观照,静心体悟我们烦恼生起的前提和条件,发现显相事物背后存在的隐藏关系和条件,在时刻生灭的因缘场中动态地理解,青春的躁动和迷惘便会逐渐恢复平静和自然。每当因外界物质引起了内心欲念时,我便尝试着静心专注地思维它,不断告诉自己任何一个烦恼都不是孤立存在的,这样不但能找出烦恼的因,更能随顺因缘运化,烦恼也就自然烟消云散。渐渐地,许多固有的观念一个个通过中观的思辨被消解,心里像少了一件件的负担,智慧的光亮充盈心灵。

用中观思辨的智慧去观察我的生活,我有了很多新奇的发现。观察各种人的心态、生活方式和他们的生命追求;观察以假我为中心而扩张占有欲,徒令人枉受苦恼,丑化形象,无实际义利;观察名利权位、声色犬马,发现其无常难保、如梦如幻;观察人们生老病死、贫穷衰患的痛苦;观察有些可怜的人因无正见正信,杀盗淫妄,污染人间,最终自招恶果;观察社会上尔虞我诈、贪赃腐败等丑恶现象,和历史上无数的争斗残杀,感慨万恶皆由人心不净、智慧不明、烦恼炽盛所致;观察西方文明片面发展物质文明的弊端和诸家学说的弊病。

通过这种不断地提醒自己用中观的思想来观照方法,体会生灭流转的万法的不真实性和其自性本空,我更加深了对佛法无上真理性的信仰,深感大乘菩萨道的实践,是能从根本上诊治我们年青人的弊病,净化人心,祥和社会,挽回劫难,庄严国土。

《法华经》有言:“是法住法位,世间相常住”,又言“一切资生产业皆与实相不相违背”。在受持三皈、发菩提心的基础上,以由对缘起性空义理 的胜解所得思慧为主导,在社会生活中修六度四摄,诸恶莫作, 众善奉行,则更为思维活跃的年青人提供了简单易行的方便法门,一方面伏断自心烦恼执着,一方面积集福智、利济众生。

今天,越来越的有理想有抱负的年青同修在人生的旅途中皈依佛法,青春智渡,现法喜乐。这是中国佛教欣欣向荣的新气象。

Those as practitioners of the path, are like bulls carrying heavy burdens, walking in deep mud within, even if extremely weary, not daring to look about to the left and right, only when departed from the mud, then can they rest. Śramaṇas should contemplate passionate desires, to be more [dangerous than] mud. With the straightforward mind mindful of the path, then can they be spared from suffering.

— The Buddha

Words Heal – Words Hurt
by Gereon Kopf

In many forms of Japanese Buddhism as well as in Shintō, a great emphasis is placed on words. In Shintō, words are what defile us and what purify us. At the entrance to most shrines, one can find a “water basin” (Jap: temizuya) where people wash their hands, mouths, and, sometimes, foreheads to purify themselves. The same emphasis on purifying body, speech, and mind, can be found in Shingon Buddhism, aptly called “true word” Buddhism. Body, speech, and mind are referred to as the “three mysteries” (Jap: sanmitsu) that open the gate to Buddhahood. But other forms of Buddhism in Japan value linguistic expressions as well. The evocation of Amida Buddha with the phrase “namu amida butsu” or the evocation of the Lotus Sūtra with the phrase “namu myōhō rengekyō” constitute the primary religious practice of the various forms of Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism, respectively. Finally, in Zen Buddhist texts, masters verify the spiritual state of their disciples with exchanges that are rarely devoid of linguistic expressions.

The evocations in Shintō, called norito, and the mantras in Shingon Buddhism are not to be used in scholarly or intellectual discourse but rather are used for their spiritual power. The word “soul of words” (Jap: kotodama), a Japanese phrase often used in the Shintō context, suggests that words themselves have spiritual power/s. It is not only our hearts that can be pure or corrupt, our words have equal power. They can lift people up or they can destroy; they can calm someone down or they can rile someone up; they can inspire hope or they can cast desperation. At one point or another during the day, each of us is guilty of using words that cause suffering, engender hatred, and even crush somebody’s spirit. This is why Japanese wash their mouths before they enter a Shintō shrine and some Buddhist temples: our words reveal our hearts.

In Shintō and Shingon Buddhism, liturgic phrases purify because of their inherent spiritual power. Norito brings us in tune with the kami, the divine presence as conceived in Shintō, while the Shingon mantra constitutes nothing less than the speech of the Buddha. The founder of Shingon Buddhism, Kūkai, proposed that “if a Shingon practitioner observes this principle, and . . . chants mantras with the mouth . . . the three mysteries will unite in mysterious empowerment and the practitioner will quickly reach a state of great attainment.” (Kūkai 2011, 61) Mantras, “true words,” comprise one of three practices to embody the Buddha and to “become a buddha in this very body” (Jap: sokushin jōbutsu). Divine words and phrases bring about purification and sanctification. By the same token, as Zen master Dōgen would add, “The World-honoured One uses secret words, secret actions, secret manifestations” (DZZ 1:394) to correct “false views” (Skt: dṛṣṭi-vipatti, Jap. mōken) and “false speech” (Jap: mōgo).

So far so good: there are divine words that heal and sanctify, while other words constitute means of corruption and destruction. To find out why some words heal and others hurt we need to turn to a Buddhist philosophy of language. One of the early key texts that analyse the way language works is the Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā-sūtra). This text boldly claims that “the notion of self is not a notion; the notion of person, the notion of a sentient being, and the notion of lifespan are also not notions;” (T 235.8.752b18–20) “the so-called Buddhadharma is not the Buddhadharma. (T 235.08.749b25) In these passages, the Diamond Sūtra postulates a gap between names and reality, words and meaning, “signifier” (French: significant) and “signified” (French: signifié). Similarly, Dōgen describes this dissonance between words and meaning as follows: “At one time, there is meaning but no words; at one time there are words but no meaning; at one time, there are both meaning and words; at one time there are neither meaning nor words.” (DZZ 1: 193)

But neither the Diamond Sūtra nor Dōgen concludes that we have to give up the use of language. The Diamond Sūtra attributes immense value to concepts and language. It observes that “what is sometimes referred to as ‘all dharmas’ are not all dharmas, therefore they are called ‘all dharmas.’” (T 235.08.751b02–04) Dōgen responds to the famous Flower Sermon, in which the Buddha explained the meaning of holding up a flower on Vulture Peak by saying, “I have the eye treasury of the true Dharma. . . . It does not depend on letters and words,” (T 48.2005.293) with the sarcastic observation that “if The-World-honoured One had hated using words but loved picking up flowers, he should have picked up a flower at the latter time (instead of giving an explanation) too.” (DZZ 1: 394)

In all those passages we can see that, to the Diamond Sūtra and Dōgen, linguistic expressions are important not only to purify corruption but also to communicate the teaching of the Buddha. Yet if there is a gap between phrases and meaning, how can we ascertain which phrases cause hurt and which phrases heal. For this, we need to look to one more of Dōgen’s writings. In his fascicle Shōbōgenzō dōtoku, Dōgen rolls out what can be understood as his philosophy of language:

All Buddhas and all ancestors constitute expression. For this reason, when ancestors select ancestors, they ask whether or not they can express themselves. . . . When we express expression we do not express non-expression. Even when we recognise expression in expression, if we do not verify the depth of non-expression as the depth of non-expression, we are neither in the face of the buddha-ancestors nor in the bones and marrow of the buddha-ancestors. . . . In me, there is expression and non-expression. In him, there is expression and non-expression. In the way there is self and other and in the non-way, there is self and other. (DZZ 1: 301–5)

As mentioned above, in the Zen canon, teachers confirm the attainment of their disciples by means of linguistic expressions. However, the words we choose are incomplete; if we are not aware of this, we will set up boundaries. When we set boundaries, we distance ourselves from all buddha-ancestors. We will deny what our words do not express, we will ignore the walls we erect between us and them, between self and other. However, when our words, phrases, ideologies, and practices are inclusive, we purify ourselves and embody the body, speech, and mind of the Buddha. In other words, only when we are aware of the non-expression in our words, only when we listen to the expressions of all others will we become whole, will we be able to heal the wounds that persons, communities, and ideologies inflict. Only then will we become buddhas in this present body.

Try to remember to pray and enjoy the Buddha’s presence and blessings at the time of death, and especially try to remember him after death.

— Tulku Thondup Rinpoche

对治烦恼时,你有两种选择
净界法师

我们要对治烦恼时,你有两种选择:

第一个时时勤拂拭,莫使惹尘埃;

第二个本来无一物,何处惹尘埃:

(一)、我们一般在对治烦恼是用枝末,你烦恼很重,我就抗拒你,【不能念,要它念;不能专,要它专。】蕅益大师说的:刚开始对治烦恼,譬如二军对峙,强者为胜;你有三分的力量,我用十分的力量来抗拒你,我们刚开始叫抗拒烦恼,弄到自己很辛苦,入道多辛苦,行道多退转,因为你疲于奔命嘛!所以我们刚开始对治烦恼是压抑的,好一点就转移目标,我不管你;你不管它,它还是在活动,你的病根没有解决啊!那么在时时勤拂拭当中就是对治、抗拒,这压力是很大啊!

(二)、但是本经的方式不是这样,你不要抗拒它,你面对它,你只要问烦恼一句话:你从什么地方来?它就完了!

烦恼最怕你回光返照;因为它没有实体,它会变现很多假相来欺骗我们,让你心有所住、然后分别…

你看我们一个人喜欢喝咖啡,我们第一念心…一个人喝咖啡,你只有第一口真的喝到咖啡,第一口而已;你的心跟咖啡接触的时候,嗯!不错哦,这个咖啡不错,口味不错哦。你第一口真的喝到咖啡,你买的好咖啡,只有第一口受用到;第二口开始攀缘…你的心住在妄想,你没有喝到咖啡,你被妄想带着走,这咖啡是从哪里买的?它跟哪一个厂牌比较怎么样?第二口的时候,你再也喝不到咖啡,你活在你的【名言分别】当中,就是这样子!

我们活在自己的妄想,带给我们忧愁苦恼,引生我们的生死业力就在这个地方。

取着这个相状以后开始攀缘、分别,然后看到一个相状、又创造另外一个其它的假相,使令我们心跟境当中,产生很多很多的妄想。使令我们拜佛、念佛、持咒的效果都表现不出来,本来我们念佛持咒真的是可以产生强大力量的,但是妄想产生障碍、烦恼障。那这怎么办呢?当然你可以对治它,但是很辛苦,最好的方式就是回光返照 ─你从什么地方来?

【觅之了不可得】。

古人说:直了妄想无起处,通身热恼自清凉!。

妄想是没有起处,它本来是无生嘛,是我们自己捏造出来的;它只就是一个【因缘和合虚妄有生,因缘别离虚妄名灭】。心境接触那当下,产生一个假相,当外境离开的时候,它也觅心了不可得。所以印光大师说:对治妄想就是【心常觉照,不随妄转。】不是要你去断妄想─【不随妄转】这四个字─回光返照,不随妄转就做这件事情。

When you purify the mental stains of thought and duality, not even the words ‘obstructing force’ remain.

— Padmasabhava, Guru Rinpoche